First off, wow! Thanks for all the comments and discussion!
Sorry for the incomplete history too. The car was in California and Washington primarily and it's a 1972. Previous Owner took their turbo back and left me the SU carbs. I've cleaned them up and they should be ready to go after some tuning. I do have some additional info from the glove box that I can put together at some point.
The someone who let the chain drop was me! My main reason for getting into the engine at all was to put a helicoil in for the long water pump bolt. That one and another were stripped and causing a big leak after I refilled (in addition to the small leak from the drain). I knew I was taking off the timing cover and figured as long as I was doing that, I might as well take off the head and see what I was dealing with. Seems like a good thing I did (though maybe I should have blocked the chain anyway)!
Aside from taking off the timing cover and doing the helicoil, I spent some time today with Goof Off, parts cleaner, and compressed air. It's all pretty stubborn, but maybe you can see a little better what's going on with these pictures (I worked mainly on these two cylinders, so that's what I have pics of). Any other tips on getting this stuff off? Maybe there's a polishing pad of some kind? I was able to unclog most of the rusted out ports by sticking the air gun through the rust and then blasting it back in my face. I'm planning to go a little more methodically at that this week.
Regarding the boil out, I'd really like to avoid taking the whole thing out. Is what I'm dealing with here beyond what a flush of some kind could help with?
Thanks again, appreciate the help and patience. If not obvious, this is my first project and it's been great stumbling into the car community. Between a couple forums and the handful of neighbors telling me about their projects, this has been really fun!